Graphics display system

ABSTRACT

A system for computing and displaying prompt and delayed effects of nuclear explosions with respect to a geographical area. The display is based on various input parameters concerning the initial conditions under which an explosive is detonated. The display is a superposition of prompt effects, viz., blast, thermal effects, etc., represented by concentric circles; fallout, represented by a time varying growing and variegated mosaic pattern; and a map whose scale is controllable upon command, this being accomplished by three separate images simultaneously projected on a screen from three separate sources. A computer controls the display and makes changes on it, utilizing relationships which characterize nuclear effects as functions of time. The apparatus is useful for understanding, analyzing, demonstrating and predicting the effects of nuclear weapons.

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I Umted States Pat H 11 3,736,41 1 Berndt [4 1 May 29, 1973 [54] GRAPHICS DISPLAY SYSTEM Primary Examiner-Eugene G. Botz {75] Inventor: Carl W. Berndt, Danville, Calif. Attorney-Roland Anderson [73] Assignee: The United States of America as [57] ABSTRACT represented by the Atomic Energy commissiqn washington 1) c A system for computing and displaying prompt and I delayed effects of nuclear explosions with respect to a [22] May 1971 geographical area. The display is based on various [21] Appl. No.: 144,035 input parameters concerning the initial conditions under which an explosive is detonated. The display is Related Application a superposition of prompt effects, viz., blast, thermal [63] Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 31 ,349, April 15, effects, etc., represented by concentric circles; fallout, 1969, abandoned. represented by a time varying growing and variegated mosaic pattern; and a map whose scale is controllable [52] US. Cl. ..235/l, 35/25, 353/31, upon mmand, this being accomplished by three 353/11, 340/3 444/1 separate images simultaneously projected on a screen [5 1] Int. Cl. ..G03b 29/00 f three Separate Soul-SI A computer controls the I [58] Fleld of Search ..235/l51 display and makes changes on it utilizing relationships 56 R f d which characterize nuclear effects as functions of 1 e erences time. The apparatus is useful for understanding, UNITED STATES PATENTS analyzing, demonstrating and predicting the effects of nuclear weapons. 3,558,865 1/1971 Berndt ..235/l51 7 Claims, 45 Drawing Figures Q, I I I I T In I .gf if. {1"

,, A ,MAP BACKGROUND MIRROR NUMERICAL MAP BACKGROUND READOUT 1 PROJECTION I I 31 33 RT MIRROR 28 35C 3 38 I I.

INTERFACE DIGITAL LOGIC COMPUTER I I M 34 42 40 37 no FALLOUT PATTERN CONTROL \/22 LOGIC PROMPT EFFECTS 13 CIRCLE GENERATOR CONTROL CIRCLE 17 PANEL LOGlC Patented May 29, 73

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flIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII"IIlll||| m I I I I N VENTOR CARL W NDT ATTORNEY Patented May 29, 1973 Shuts-Sheet 5 133 92 1 11s 94 H H a Z a 117 L g\ a J ii g 125 132 a r 1 b "9 i, d l i t: w

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91 PROMPT PROMPT EFFECTS EFFECTS A2521 5232? 1 92 I 201 202 2 03 MAP I DISPLAY 31? INTERFACE 6 3;" INTERFACE CONTROLLER S lNTERFACE PANEL F" I l 224 22? -17 18 f 23 24 READ DIGITAL CIRCLE ONLY COMPUTER ENERATOR MEMORY (ROM) Fig. 5

INVENTOR. Car/W Berndt BY /6w( ATTORNEY.

Patented May 29, 1973 753533 333mg 2. mm

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MEN 53 an; QNNH SSEHUGV EHII) Patented May 29, 1913 48 Shots-Shoot 9 THIS ENTRANCE FRO I (DNSTRUCT SEOLENCE PARAMETERS (LPC), AFTER LOAD FROM TAPE 0R DISC NDVE LOAD CONTIUL TABLE (LCTO) TO SEQUENCE PARAMETERS TABLE (SPTO) IDMAL ENTRANGE INTO CFA FLU! PRIXERA'T BLIXIKS AFTER THEY HAVE COPIETED THEIR OPERATION ENTER HETE ERTN A ENTER SUBROUTINE CKOl TO READ sTART RANT UP msc FOR 5 sEc ENTER TERE TTTEN msc ERRoR occuRs INITIALIZE SPTO INDEX (1)99 (ITTPUT ERROR WORD ERRO T0 LIGHT ANY INDICATED ERROR LIGHTS TURN (N START LIGHT CLEAR SKIP AND ERROR LIGHTS INDICATOR (ERRO) T ENTRY IN SEOIHICE PARNETER THIS INDD( INDICATES RHICH IS TO BE PROCESSED EXIT DIRECTLY TO CFE TO READ IN FALLOUT LOAD FLNCTIUI AND LOAD FALLOUT Patented M 29, 19

THIS KIND 0F BITRY (READ 0) CAN BE USED A9 A DUI-W ENTRY TO PROVIDE THE SAIE SKIP INCREIEIIT FOR A PROGRAM BLOCK THAT (PERATES AT TN) PLATES IN THE PROGRAM SEQIENIE OR TO PROVIDE A BRANCH ADDRESS FOR A SPECIFIC (IINDITIGI FIUI ITEM DADD IN SPTO 48 Shah-Shut 10 GET NIIIBER 0F ENTRIES TO BE SKIPPED SKIP AND ADD SKIP*A T0 SPTO INDEX C099 I CLEAR SKIP READ AND CHEO SLM PROGRAM BLOCK (DNTAINING NNIB NORIB FROM DISC ADDRESS DADD T0 CORE ADDIESS (ADD. NNDS. DADD AND CADD GIVEN IN SPTD Patented May 2 9, 1973 3,736,411

45 Sims-Shoot 11 JADD MAY BE THE ENTRANOE TO A PROGRAN BLOCK, (112 OR ANY OTHER ENTRANOE SETEXIT ADDRESS FRIH CFA JADD=OIEENABLESABLOO TOBETEAD IN TO VALUE OF JADD IN SPTD BEFORE THE BLOCK THAT USES IT.- IN THE NEXT ENTRY, THEN, THE BLOCK TO BE READ IS READ AND (PERATED. FOR EXAMPLE. NDC IS READ IN BEFORE NlA IS READ AND EXECUTED IECRENENT SPTO INEX VALUE (D99 BY VALUE OF BACK'A SETSPTO INID C099 v TONDTTSPTO ENTRY EXIT TO ADDRESS GIVENBY JADD IN SPTO Famed May 29, 1913 4s sum-Lama 1:

CLEAR ERROR WORD ERRO AND INPUT SRD FLAG SRDF READ AND PRU'PT/FALLOUT EXECUTE FALLOUT INPUT AIR ENSITY (ll-INS) AND WEAPON TYPE (NEAT). BITER SUBROUTIIE COVT TO COWERT DENSITY TU FLOATING POINT. STORE DENS IN TABLE VARIABLES AND NEAT IN TABLE FLAGS IN PCOI Pahatod May 29, 1913 45 Mil-Shut NO YES FmI-I ROI-1.

ETC.: I= WEAPON TYPE) INPUT THE C AND L TYPE (ITNSTANTS FOR NEUTRON AND GAI IWI RADIATION CONVERT TO FLOATING POINT USING SUBROUTINE COVT AND STORE RESULTS IN TABLES CGAM, OIEU LGN-I, LNEU IN PIDI (STORED AT OGAI'KI) OIEU(I),-

GET corsmws c ,---c FR M RUN AND CCNVERT T0 FLOATING POINT USIMi SUBROUTINE UJVS. USE IIJLTIPLYING FACTORS STORED IN TABLE CM IN CFB TO INPROVE ACCURACY SINCE C ,-C HAVE (NLY 3 SIGNIFICANT DIGIIS IN R04 Patented May 29, 1973 3,736,411

45 Mime 14 TEST TO SEE IF A (fl'PUTE STORE OR FECALL IS SET, A WEAPON NlI'BER IS NO SET, AND A ILLTIWEAPOI RANGE IS SET INPUT YIELD (YIEL) AND HEIGHT OF BURST (IDB). CONER'T TO FLOATING POINT LBING COVT AND STORE RESULT IN TABLE VARIABLES IN POIN Patented May 29, 1913 3,736,411

NOTE I IOIIE II INPUT R NGE (RIG) INPUT PRESSURE (PRES) RADIATION (IRAD), (INVERT T0 FLOATING POINT [SING SLB- AND D ERIW FLUX (OCAL). COIVERT TO ROUTINE COVT AND STORE RESULTS IN FLOATING POINT USING SUBROUTINE COVT AND TABLE VARIABLES IN PCOI STORE IN TABLE VARIABLES IN PIIN INPUT GAINA SHIELDING FACTOR (GAPS) AND NEUTROI SHIELDING FACTOR (NEUS). CONVERT TO FLOATING POINT USING IDVT AND STOIE IN TABLE VARIABLES IN PCOI INPUT VLLNERABILITY NU 'BER (VUL), VUINERABILITY K-FACTOR (VULK), PRESSURE FLAG (PRFL AND VISIBILITY FLAG (VISF). (OVVERT VUL TO FLOATING POINT, LBING (DVT. STORE VUL, VULK IN TABLE VARIABLES IN PCOI. (INVERT PRF AND VISF TO THEIR PIUPER INTEGER FORMATS GIVEN IN TABLE 2 AND STORE RESULTS IN TABIE FLAGS IN PIDN Patented May 29, 1973 3,736,411

45 Shah-Shut 16 IS YIEL ..WITHIN MINIMM (DNVERT YIEL NIII MAXIMM LIMITS GIVEN T0 KI IN TABLES MINI m1) MAXI IN PCON SET ERRJR 3 EJ4A Patented May 29, 1913 3,736,411

48 Blah-Shut 17 ILLEGN. ATE ALL OTHER INPUTS SET ERROR 11 INPUT WITHIN MINIMLM AND wxxmm LIMITS GIVEN IN TABLES MINI mm mm m P(1)N OUTPUT ERROR LIGHTS TURN START LIGHT (N EXIT T0 CFA TO READ NEXT PRJGRPM BLOCK TURN START (PF 

1. A system for computing and displaying prompt and delayed effect of an explosive detonation with respect to a geographical area comprising: a computer means; control means operatively connected to said computer means through control logic circuit means; a circle generator means for generating a prompt effects display; said control means being operatively connected to said circle generator means through circle logic circuit means; said computer means being connected to said circle logic circuit means so as to direct signals thereto and receive signals therefrom; said control means additionally being connected to said computer means through interface logic circuit means for directing at least a pair of operational mode control signals to said computer means; a numerical readout means operatively connected to receive desired output signals from said computer means; a map projector means operatively connected to said computer means for receiving therefrom image-scale data for display of a map background by said map projector means; a fallout projection means operatively connected to said computer means and controlled thereby for projecting a fallout pattern as determined by said computer means; a screen means; said prompt effects, map background and fallout pattern being superimposed on said screen means, whereby a time varying display which illustrates prompt effects and fallout patterns of an explosive detonation, which can be readily changed to illustrate delayed effects, is shown on a map surface.
 2. The system defined in claim 1, additionally including a disk memory means operatively connected to said computer means to receive therefrom and direct thereto information signals.
 3. The system defined in claim 1, additionally including mirror means positioned between said screen means and each of said circle generator means, map projector means, and fallout projection means to assure proper superimposition on said screen means of said prompt effects, map background and fallout pattern.
 4. The system defined in claim 1, wherein said computer means is a digital computer.
 5. The system defined in claim 1, wherein said pair of operational mode control signals direct said computer means to display through said projection cathode ray tube means a previously predicted fallout pattern of a detonation and a fallout pattern as determined by current wind, gravity and pertinent physical characteristics of the detonation.
 6. The system defined in claim 1, wherein said fallout projection means is a projection cathode ray tube.
 7. The system defined in claim 1, wherein said control means includes numerous actuators, selectors, push-button and switch means positioned on a control panel; and wherein said numerical readout means and said screen means are positioned adjacent said control panel; the map background, fallout pattern, and prompt effects shown as concentric circles being superimposed on one side of said screen means in such a manner that same are viewed from the other side thereof. 